¿Existe tendencia estacional en las anomalías del tubo neural en Guatemala? / Exist a stational trends in neural tube defects in Guatemala?

Antecedentes: Las anomalías del tubo neural son frecuentes en Guatemala. Una mayor frecuencia se observa en el antiplano guatemalteco, con mayor concentración de población indígena y con mayor depauperación económica. Observaciones de especialistas indican que en el primer semestre del año son mucho más frecuentes que en el segundo. Estas observaciones señalan que algo existe en el ambiente, probablemente en el ambiente alimentario, relacionado con el consumo de maíz, base dietética del guatemalteco. En el grano de este cereal, existe, fumomisinas (micotoxinas producidas por hongos) en gran cantidad, que tienen un efecto inhibidor de la captación celular de ácido fólico, micronutriente íntimamente relacionado con el cierre temprano del tubo neural. Objetivo: Demostrar si es cierto que existe mayor frecuencia de anomalías del tubo neural en Guatemala en el primer semestre del año que en el segundo, principalmente en los denominados meses de verano. Sugerir hipótesis futuras que expliquen este comportamiento epidemiológico. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo-analítico retrospectivo en la Unidad de Espina Bífida del Hospital General San Juan de Dios y en las 8 áreas geoeconómicas de Guatemala, analizando una sola variable: La fecha de nacimiento de niños y niñas que presentaron anomalías del tubo neural de diferente tipo. Resultados: Se demuestra que en efecto las anomalías del tubo neural son más frecuentes en el primer semestre del año que en el segundo. Principalmente en los meses de marzo-abril. Y que ocurren con menos frecuencia en el segundo semestre. Estos datos se podrían vincular con el consumo dietético de maíz, grano que también tiene diferencias estacionales en cuanto a su producción, almacenamiento, preparación y consumo (AU)

Prevalencia de anemia y deficiencia de hierro, ácido fólico y vitamina b12 en una comunidad wichí del noroeste argentino / Prevalence of anemia and iron, folic acid and vitamin b12 deficiencies in a wichí community from the argentine northwest region

La anemia y la malnutrición son prevalentes en comunidades de bajo nivel socioeconómico y con higiene inadecuada, como las aborígenes wichí que habitan en el noroeste argentino, región con alta prevalencia de enfermedad de Chagas. Objetivo: determinar la prevalencia de anemia y deficiencia de hierro (Fe), ácido fólico (AF) y vitamina B12 (B12) en una comunidad wichí de Salta, y evaluar la presencia de Chagas y talasemias como etiología de anemia. Material y métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo en mayo de 2008. Se estudiaron 35 adultos wichí (21 mujeres, 14 hombres) de la comunidad La Unión. El grupo control consistió en 36 criollos adultos (21 mujeres, 15 hombres). Se realizó hemograma, Fe, transferrina, ferritina, AF, B12, electroforesis de hemoglobina (EHb) y serología para Chagas. Resultados: la prevalencia de anemia fue 76% (16/21; Intervalo de Confianza [IC] 95%=57-95%) en las mujeres wichí; en las criollas, 29% (6/21; IC95%=10-48%); en el grupo masculino criollo, 7% (1/15; IC95%=0-20%) y en los wichís, 29% (4/14; IC95%=16-42%). En las mujeres wichí, el 75% (12/16) de los casos fue por deficiencia de Fe. B12 y EHb fueron normales. El 15% (5/33) del grupo wichí y el 31% (11/35) del criollo presentó deficiencia de AF. La prevalencia de Chagas fue 31% (11/35; IC95%=16-46%) en wichís y 28% (10/36; IC95%=13-43%) en criollos, y no estuvo asociada a anemia. Conclusiones: la alta prevalencia de anemia y deficiencia de hierro indican un problema de salud y de nutrición importante en esta comunidad.

Anemia and malnutrition are prevalent in communities of low socioeconomic status and poor hygiene, including Aboriginal Wichí inhabiting the Argentine Northwest, a region with high prevalence of Chagas disease. Objetive: to investigate the prevalence of anemia and deficiencies of iron, folic acid (FA) and vitamin B12 in community wichí of Salta, and assess the presence of Chagas and thalas semia as etiology of anemia. Material and methods: a descriptive study was performed in May 2008. 35 wichí adults (21 women, 14 men) of La Union community were studied. The control group consisted of 36 adult creoles (21 women, 15 men), who shared environmental conditions. Complete blood count, iron, transferrin, ferritin, FA, vitamin B12, hemoglobin electrophoresis (HbE) and Chagas disease serology were performed. Results: the prevalence of anemia was 76% (16/21 Confidence Interval [CI] 95%=57-95%) in wichí women; in creole women, 29% (6/21, 95% CI=10-48%); in creole male group, 7% (1/15, 95% CI=0-20%) and wichí men group, 29% (4/14, 95% CI=16-42%). In anemic wichí women, 75% (12/16) of cases were produced by iron deficiency. Vitamin B12 levels and HbE were normal. FA deficiency was presented in 15% (5/33) of wichí group and 31% (11/35) of creole people. Chagasic infection prevalence was 31% (11/35, 95% CI=16-46%) in wichís and 28% (10/36, 95% CI=13-43%) in creoles, and was not associated with anemia. Conclusions: the high prevalence of anemia and iron deficiency indicates an important health and nutrition problem in this community.

Folatos y vitamina B12 en la salud humana / Folate, vitamin B12 and human health

During the past decade the role of folate and vitamin B12 in human nutrition have been under constant re-examination. Basic knowledge on the metabolism and interactions between these essential nutrients has expanded and multiple complexities have been unraveled. These micronutrients have shared functions and intertwined metabolic pathways that define the size of the "methyl donor" pool utilized in multiple metabolic pathways; these include DNA methylation and synthesis of nucleic acids. In Chile, folate deficiency is virtually nonexistent, while vitamin B12 deficiency affects approximately 8.5-51% depending on the cut-off value used to define deficiency. Folate is found naturally mainly in vegetables or added as folic acid to staple foods. Vitamin B12 in its natural form is present only in foods of animal origin, which is why deficit is more common among strict vegetarians and populations with a low intake of animal foods. Poorfolate status in vulnerable women of childbearing age increases the risk of neural tube birth defects, so the critical time for the contribution of folic acid is several months before conception since neural tube closure occurs during the first weeks of life. The absorption of vitamin B12 from food is lower in older adults, who are considered to have higher risk of gastric mucosa atrophy, altered production of intrinsic factor and acid secretion. Deficiency of these vitamins is associated with hematological disorders. Vitamin B12 deficiency can also induce clinical and sub-clinical neurological and of other disorders. The purpose of this review is to provide an update on recent advances in the basic and applied knowledge of these vitamins relative to human health.

Megaloblastic anemia: Back in focus.

Megaloblastic anemia (MA), in most instances in developing countries, results from deficiency of vitamin B12 or folic acid. Over the last two to three decades, incidence of MA seems to be increasing. Of the two micronutrients, folic acid deficiency contributed to MA in a large majority of cases. Now deficiency of B12 is far more common. In addition to anemia, occurrence of neutropenia and/or thrombocytopenia is increasingly being reported. Among cases presenting with pancytopenia, MA stands out as an important (commonest cause in some series) cause. This article focuses on these and certain other aspects of MA. Possible causes of increasing incidence of MA are discussed. Observations on other clinical features like neurocognitive dysfunction, associated hyperhomocysteinemeia and occurrence of tremors and thrombocytosis during treatment are highlighted.

Folatos y hierro en mujeres en edad fértil de una comunidad en Venezuela afectada por la incidencia de defectos del tubo neural / Folate and iron in fertile age women from a Venezuelan community affected by incidence of neural tube defects

El objetivo de este estudio transversal fue identificar el estado nutricional de folatos y hierro en mujeres en edad fértil del Municipio Jiménez, Estado Lara, Venezuela. El muestreo fue probabilístico por conglomerados del área urbana y rural, seleccionándose 15 conglomerados donde se estudiaron a las mujeres entre 12 y 45 años (269 mujeres). Previa firma del consentimiento informado, se les practicó: Encuesta con datos personales, antecedentes y variables relacionadas con folatos y hierro; datos socioeconómicos (Encuesta Graffar-Méndez Castellano y Necesidades Básicas Insatisfechas); en muestra de sangre se determinó Hemoglobina y Folato Eritrocitario (FE); en suero se determinó Ferritina, y Folato Sérico (FS). 53,53% de la muestra presentó valores bajos de FS, y el 10,78% valores deficientes. 80,7% presentó deficiencia severa según FE y 5,9% deficiencia moderada. En ambas pruebas, la media fue mayor en mujeres tratadas con Acido Fólico ó embarazadas (p=0,000) y la media del FE también resultó mayor en adultas que adolescentes (p=0,001) y en mujeres no pobres (p=0,011); no hubo diferencias significativas según ingesta de café, alcohol, anticonceptivos, procedencia, estrato social. La anemia se determinó en 11,2%, más frecuente en adultas (p=0,029) y en las del medio urbano (p=0,042). Ferritina baja se encontró en 37.3% de la muestra, las diferencias según variables no fueron significativas. En conclusión, la prevalencia de deficiencia de hierro y folatos en mujeres en edad fértil del Municipio Jiménez es alta, ésta podría constituir un factor condicionante de defectos del tubo neural, por lo cual deben ejecutarse estrategias para superar este déficit.

The objective of this transversal study was to determine folate and iron nutritional status of women in fertile age from Municipio Jiménez, Lara State, Venezuela. The sampling was probabilistic by conglomerates from the urban and rural areas, selecting 15 conglomerates from which women between 12 and 45 years (269), were studied. After signing informed consent, participating were interviewed for personal data, antecedents related to folate and iron, socioeconomic data (Graffar-Mendez Castellano method and unsatisfied basic needs). In blood sample was determined Hemoglobin, and Erythrocytic Folate (FE). Serum was obtained to determine Ferritin and Serum Folate (FS). 53,53% of the sample presented low FS levels, 10.78% were FS deficient. Severe FE deficiency was present in 80.7% of the cases, moderate deficiency affected 5,9%. For both tests, median was higher for women in treatment with Acido Fólico or pregnant (p=0,000), median for FE was higher for adults (p=0.001) and in non poor women (p=0.011). There were no significant differences for coffee, alcohol, anticonceptive consumption, urban or rural resident or socioeconomic strata. The prevalence of anemia was 11,2% being significantly more frequent in adults than in adolescents (p= 0,029) and in urban women (p=0,042). Low ferritin were found in 37,3% of the sample, the effect of different variables was not statistically significant. In conclusion, there is a high prevalence of iron and folate deficiencies in women of fertile age from Municipio Jiménez, which could constitute a conditioning factor for the appearance of neural tube defects.

Treament and prevention of anemia with ferrous sulfate plus folic acid in children attending daycare centers in Goiânia, Goiás State, Brazil: a randomized controlled trial / Resposta terapêutica e profilática com ferro e ácido fólico na anemia em crianças de creches públicas em Goiânia, Goiás, Brasil: ensaio clínico randomizado

The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of anemia and the therapeutic and prophylactic response to ferrous sulfate and folic acid. A double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial was conducted with 196 children 6 to 24 months of age enrolled in municipal daycare centers in Goiânia, Goiás State, Brazil. The children were assigned to two treatment groups that received a daily dose (5 times a week) of either 4.2mg/kg/day of ferrous sulfate + folic acid (50µg) or 4.2mg/kg/day of ferrous sulfate + folic acid placebo. One of the prevention groups received 1.4mg/kg/day of ferrous sulfate + folic acid (50µg/day) and the other 1.4mg/kg/day of ferrous sulfate + folic acid placebo. Supplementation lasted approximately three months. Baseline anemia prevalence was 56.1 percent (95 percentCI: 48.9-63.1). After treatment, anemia prevalence in the folic acid group (14 percent) was lower than in the placebo group (34.9 percent) (p = 0.02). After prophylaxis in the non-anemic children, the incidence of anemia did not differ between the groups, but there was an increase in hemoglobin level in the folic acid group (p = 0.003). Iron plus folic acid was effective for the treatment of anemia and improvement of hemoglobin level in non-anemic children.

Avaliar a prevalência de anemia e a resposta terapêutica e profilática do sulfato ferroso e ácido fólico. Realizou-se um ensaio clínico controlado randomizado, duplo-cego, com 196 crianças de 6 a 24 meses, dos Centros Municipais de Educação Infantil de Goiânia, Goiás, Brasil. As crianças foram alocadas em dois grupos de tratamento que receberam dose diária (5x/semana) com 4,2mg/kg/dia de sulfato ferroso + ácido fólico (50µg) ou 4,2mg/kg/dia de sulfato ferroso + placebo de ácido fólico. Um dos grupos de prevenção recebeu 1,4 mg/kg/dia de sulfato ferroso + ácido fólico (50µg/dia) e o outro 1,4mg/kg/dia de sulfato ferroso + placebo de ácido fólico. A suplementação durou cerca de três meses. A prevalência de anemia inicial foi de 56,1 por cento (IC95 por cento: 48,9-63,1). Após o tratamento, a prevalência de anemia no grupo ácido fólico (14 por cento) foi menor que no grupo placebo (34,9 por cento; p = 0,02). Após profilaxia dos não anêmicos, a incidência de anemia não diferiu entre os grupos, porém, houve incremento da hemoglobina no grupo ácido fólico (p = 0,003). O ferro associado com ácido fólico foi eficaz no tratamento da anemia e na melhoria da hemoglobina nos não anêmicos.

Homocisteína, ácido fólico y vitamina B12 en adultos mayores venezolanos / Serum homocysteine, folate and vitamin B12 in venezuelan elderly

Los cambios anatomo-fisiológicos propios del envejecimiento hacen de los adultos mayores un grupo vulnerable a los estados de malnutrición y deficiencias específicas de nutrientes como la vitamina B12 y el folato. El objetivo de este estudio fue establecer la relación existente entre la vitamina B12, folato, homocisteína y el consumo y adecuación de estos nutrientes. Se evaluaron 55 adultos mayores de 60 años de edad, de ambos sexos, no institucionalizados, a quienes se les determinó homocisteína sérica por inmunoensayo de polarización de fluorescencia, vitamina B12 y folato sérico por radioensayo (RIA); consumo de nutrientes según recordatorio de 24 h y frecuencia de consumo de alimentos y estado nutricional antropométrico según Indice de Masa Corporal (IMC). Se encontraron niveles séricos de vitamina B12 y folato dentro de los valores de referencia (423,3± 227,6 pmol/l y 6,4 ± 4,5 mg/ml); sin embargo, 17,5% se encontraban deficitarios de B12 y 12% de ácido fólico, la homocisteína sérica estuvo por encima de los valores de referencia (15,8±4,4 mmol/l). Del grupo de estudio, 47,5% presentaban hiperhomocisteinemia (>15mmol/L), siendo significativamente más alta para el sexo masculino (p: 0,01). El consumo de nutrientes fue inadecuado por déficit. Según IMC, 11,8% de los adultos mayores se encontraban en déficit nutricional, 29,4% con sobrepeso y 20,6% en obesidad. Se observó una correlación inversa y negativa entre homcisteína y folato sérico. Todo esto sugiere la presencia de una deficiencia bioquímica de B12 y folato, que se traduce en la homocisteína elevada, lo que constituye un factor de riesgo cardiovascular en este grupo de adultos mayores.

Serum homocysteine, folate and vitamin B12 in Venezuelan elderly. The anatomical and physiological changes of aging make elderly people a vulnerable group to malnutrition and specific deficiencies of nutrients such as vitamin B12 and folate. This study was aimed to establish relationships among serum vitamin B12, folate, homocysteine concentrations and dietary intake and adequacy. Fifty five male and female elderly (60 and more years), free-living, were assessed. Measurements were: serum vitamin B12 and folate by radioimmunoanalysis (RIA), homocysteine by polarized fluorescence immunoassay, nutrient intake by three 24 hours recalls and food frequency questionnaire. Nutritional status was determined by Body Mass Index (BMI). Serum vitamin B12 and folate were at normal range (423,3±227,6 pmol/l and 6,4 ± 4,5 mg/ml), but 17,5% of elderly had B12 deficiency and 12% had folate deficiency. Serum homocysteine was higher than reference values (15,8±4,4 mmol/l), but 47,5% showed concentrations above 15mmol/L, male population showed higher mean value (p: 0,01). Nutrient intake was inadequate by deficiency. BMI indicated 11,8% of undernutrition, 29,4% of overweight and 20,6% of obesity A negative and inverse correlation between homocysteine and serum folate was found. Results suggest a biochemical deficiency of B12 and folate that is expressed as elevated homocysteine levels. These finding represent a high cardiovascular risk factor for this elderly group.

Factors associated with risk of low folate intake among adolescents

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate factors associated with the risk of low folate intake among adolescents.METHODS: We employed cluster sampling, using a random selection of 40 representative census sectors and households within those sectors, including all individuals between 10 and 19 years of age. The weight, height and skin folds of subjects were measured and socioeconomic data on their families were collected. A 24-hour dietary recall and frequency questionnaire were used to estimate the quantity and frequency of folate intake. Folate consumption was quantified using Nutwin software. Risk of low folate intake was defined as Folate consumption below the estimated average requirement. The statistical analysis employed hierarchical logistic regression. RESULTS: A total of 722 adolescents were investigated and their mean folate intake was 145±117 µg. The frequency of subjects at risk of having a lower than recommended folate intake was 89%. Adolescents had a greater risk of inadequate folate intake if their body mass index was at or above the 85th percentile, their waist circumference was at or above the 80th percentile or they had a family history of cardiovascular disease. Adolescents who ate beans and dark green vegetables less than four times a week also exhibited an increased chance of having folate intake below recommended levels.CONCLUSIONS: These adolescents present a high risk of low folate intake and this risk is linked with increasing age, waist circumference above the 80th percentile and low frequency of beans and dark green vegetables consumption.

RAEB-t in young adults--a rare entity.

Refractory anemia with excess blasts in transformation (RAEB-t) in young adults is a rare entity. RAEB-t presenting with megaloblastic erythropoiesis should be differentiated from nutritional B12 and folic acid deficiency and from acute erythroleukemia. We report two cases in the present article.

Severe folate deficiency mimicking HELLP syndrome--report of two cases.

Severe folate deficiency in pregnancy may mimick HELLP syndrome as there are similar features in both. Proper diagnosis is important as far as the prognosis and management are concerned. Two cases of severe folate deficiency occuring in multigravid women mimicking HELLP syndrome are reported below with review of literature.

Investigación de la deficiencia de hierro en pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica en hemodiálisis / Investigation of iron deficiency in patients with chronic kidney failure in hemodialysis

Se estudiaron 19 pacientes con IRC, en hemodiálisis entre 1 y 108 meses. Siete eran mujeres (22-65 años) y 12 varones (22-66 años). La causa de la IRC fue GNC 4, PNC 3, nefroangioesclerosis 3, GNMP 2, uropatía obstructiva 2, indeterminada 2, poliquistosis 1, nefronoptisis 1 y GNPD 1. Nueve pacientes habían recibido transfusiones en el año previo al estudio, pero ninguno había sido tratado con hierro ni con eritropoyetina. La hemocitometría se realizó con un analizador electrónico, también se midió la ferremia, la transferinemia, la ferritina sérica, y el hierro medular en una proporción de los casos. Se observó una correlación significativa entre la ferritina sérica y el hierro medular. La asociación VCM menor de 80 fl y HCM menor de 27 pg tuvo valor predictivo para deficiencia de hierro (ferritina sérica menor de 30 ng/ml y/o hierro medular menor de dos cruces), con 60% de sensibilidad y 100% de especificidad. La ferremia y la saturación de la transferrina no fueron útiles para el diagnóstico de deficiencia de hierro en la IRCHD. Cinco de los 19 pacientes estudiados tenían deficiencia de hierro (26%), y 2 de ellos respondieron favorablemente a la administración parenteral del mismo. El empleo racional de la eritropoyetina recombinante, para el tratamiento de la anemia en la IRCHD, hace necesario investigar la posible deficiencia de hierro así como de otros factores hemopoyéticos en estos pacientes

Acido fólico e hipersegmentaçäo em neutrófilos de crianças de baixo nível sócio-econômico / Folic acid and hypersegmentation in neutrophils of children of low socioeconomics level

Em 184 crianças de ambulatório encontraram-se hipersegmentaçäo em neutrófilos do sangue periférico em 53 (28,8%). Em 44 crianças internadas, o folato sérico mostrou-se insatisfatório em 25 (56,8%) e neste grupo näo houve correlaçäo entre folato sérico e hipersegmentaçäo neutrofílica. Concluem que é frequente a carência de ácido fólico em crianças hospitalizadas, de baixo nível sócio-econômico, e que é pouco confiável a pesquisa de hipersegmentaçäo neutrofílica como indicadora indireta dessa carência. Observaram-se também que nem sempre folato sérico baixo se acompanha de anemia. Macrocitose näo foi encontrada em nenhum caso. Ressaltam-se a importância da história alimentar para o diagnóstico dessa deficiência vitamínica

Anemia megaloblastica en el Hospital 2 de Mayo: agosto 1984 - abril 1987 / Megaloblastic anemia in the Hospital 2 de Mayo: August 1984 - april 1987

Se estudian 34 casos de Anemia Megaloblástica por deficiencia de vitamina B12 y/o ácida fólico, atendido a diferentes parámetros hematológicos, bioquímicos, clínicos y otros datos complementarios comparando los resultados obtenidos con lo publicado en la literatura médica. Los datos más relevantes que se ha obtenido se pueden concretar diciendo que la Anemia Megaloblástica es una enfermedad de ligero predominio femenino y con preferencias por las edades avanzadas. Las manifestaciones de anemia son las alteraciones clínicas más frecuentemente encontradas. Se trata generalmente de anemias marcadas acompañadas de discretas leucopenia y trombocitopenia. En nuestro medio se tipifica la etiología y a todos los pacientes se les trata con la administración simultánea de vitamina B12 y ácido fólico. La incidencia real de esta anemia es difícil de establecer, puesto que los tratamientos polivitamínicos administrados muchas veces de forma indiscriminada pueden enmascarar un número elevado de casos, sobre todo en el ámbito extrahospitalario